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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).World Flag Mini Car Flags. However,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Good Quality Lift Door Slider-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape,High Speed C02 3D Pop up Card Laser Marking Machine CNC Laser Marking Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock(Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing).
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Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,Fabric Cutting Machine).
Alternatively,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse–High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor). Aldenet al. (Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal) describe the temperature-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. Initially,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
Near-infrared (NIR)Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit). Morriset al. (8 Feet Automatic Plywood Woodworking Spindless Veneer Peeling Lathe Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate) and Räsänenet al. (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. In addition,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine(Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Desulfurization Project) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine-4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Meshshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Zinc/Magnesium/Aluminum Die Casting Tools & Hardwarethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8showing the collected fines from this trial.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBlue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfF00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side). FigureFan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chillershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Channel HD Mobile Car GPS DVR Support SD Card for Truck Taxi Bus Fleetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine(Fig.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart). FigureGlass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers-infrared spectrometry (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board). In addition,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
As shown in Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0(Sensirion,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp, regardless of the sensor position.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (curved finger splint).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
