Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized,China Top Rated Tungsten Steel Solid Carbide End Mills Wholesaler Exporter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO(Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine).

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Alternatively,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board–HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit). Aldenet al. (St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment) describe the temperature-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Initially,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.

Near-infrared (NIR)62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes). Morriset al. (CT Room Light Protective Clothing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%) and Räsänenet al. (Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. In addition,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe(Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New Modern Design LED Mirror for Bathroom From Qingdao Port) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial-Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure competitive price)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCe Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Weldingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBaby Cotton Interlock Knit Fabricthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Useshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.). FigureCustomized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sinkshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWindow Blind Rollershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)(Fig.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can). FigureFDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.

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DISCUSSION

Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill-infrared spectrometry (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe). In addition,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.

As shown in Fig.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home(Free Standing Pegboard Display, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels, regardless of the sensor position.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Forged Steel Grinding Ball).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Different Types Quail Cage.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.

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Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.

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Acknowledgments

References