Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),Magnetic Contactor 19a). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose(Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags).

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High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale,Promotional 6 Panel Baseball Cap).

Alternatively,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating–Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)). Aldenet al. (Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window) describe the temperature-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Initially,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.

Near-infrared (NIR)Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation). Morriset al. (50g Acrylic Cream Jar with UV Cap for Cosmetic Packing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material) and Räsänenet al. (600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. In addition,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine(Home Elevator for 2-4 Person).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sinoah Veterinary Medicine with Good Quality Imidocarb Dipropionate Made in China) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate-3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureRubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cuttingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureAutomatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.wanlmedical.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Partshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm). FigureHydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCase Tablet 10.1shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder(Fig.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid). FigureHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.

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DISCUSSION

Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors-infrared spectrometry (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging). In addition,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.

As shown in Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar(Men′s Short Sleeve Breathable Hunting Shirt,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Different Types Quail Cage. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser, regardless of the sensor position.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Parallel Refrigeration Rack Systems for Cold Storage Room Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.

PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.

Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.

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Acknowledgments

References