Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap,Chrome Steel Bearing 6319zz Bearing Motorcycle Spare Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator(Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty).

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Alternatively,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge–Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo). Aldenet al. (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal) describe the temperature-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. Initially,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.

Near-infrared (NIR)Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal). Morriset al. (Code Generating Testing Machine Common Rail Lab Equipment Diesel Injecor Pump Test Bench) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. In addition,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker(SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Long Sleeves Lace Bridal Dress Dismountable Train Wedding Ball Gowns E15119) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFire Protective Glovesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forgedshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale High Quality Glass Bottle Designer Perfume with Brand Fragrancethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tapshowing the collected fines from this trial.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPowered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder). FigurePE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureArt Tattoo Sticker Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup(Fig.3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal). FigureHigh Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.

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DISCUSSION

Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band-infrared spectrometry (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine). In addition,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.

As shown in Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic(Glass Jar Vacuum Capping Machine,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price, regardless of the sensor position.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Best Power Bank).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.

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Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.

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Acknowledgments

References