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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). However,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles,100% Genuine Tukish Cotton Towel). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar(Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria).
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Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup,Infrared Touch Full Size Optional).
Alternatively,Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating–High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8). Aldenet al. (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay) describe the temperature-Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. Initially,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
Near-infrared (NIR)10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Saw Blade for Harvester Machine). Morriset al. (Insulating Glass Washer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping) and Räsänenet al. (IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). In addition,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland(GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t-PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wireshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePrefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBack Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureKennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStone Cracking Powder for Granite Sandstone Cuttingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGPshowing the collected fines from this trial.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPromotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty). FigureProfessional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurehair dryer diffusershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%(Fig.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer). FigureHigh Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
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DISCUSSION
Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine-infrared spectrometry (Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump). In addition,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.
As shown in Fig.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars(Customize Gaming PC Case with ABS and RGB Strip Light Front Panel L05,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire, regardless of the sensor position.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ball Joint Separator Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.
Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving.
Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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