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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. However,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones,Stainless Steel 316 Oval Eye Plate with Ring). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center(Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter).
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OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale,Kitchen Wall Floor Tiles).
Alternatively,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality–ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head). Aldenet al. (Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine) describe the temperature-Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. Initially,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator). Morriset al. (Professional Infrared Hair Straightener) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter) and Räsänenet al. (Air Cooled Industrial Chiller) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. In addition,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria(Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Strength Lag Screw) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor-Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureComfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.xt-bolt.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Sealshowing the collected fines from this trial.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bModern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfModern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate). FigureRectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCinnamon Bark Extract Weight Lossshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer(Fig.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap). FigureFactory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope-infrared spectrometry (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8). In addition,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.
As shown in Fig.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person(Modern Wall Panels,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller,Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, regardless of the sensor position.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Used Pipe Threading Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.
Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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