Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. However,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet,New Dark Oak Office Filing Cabinet Modern Commercial Bookcase (LD-S0408)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires(Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland).
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Alternatively,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine–230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage). Aldenet al. (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS) describe the temperature-Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. Initially,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.
Near-infrared (NIR)SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons). Morriset al. (Evacuated Tubes Plat Flate Solar Collector for Solar Heating Pool Heating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale) and Räsänenet al. (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. In addition,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts(PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Colored Slipper Closed Toe for Hotel Usage Indoor Slipper (DPF10331)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag-Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Red Cable Tiesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAntiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Bandshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Productsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfS11 Serie Green Sand Mixer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium). FigureWPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Lineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSmart String Lights Supplier & Factoryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl(Fig.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2). FigurePopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
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DISCUSSION
Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price-infrared spectrometry (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter). In addition,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
As shown in Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive(Battery Operated Water Pump,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hair Transplant Equipment Luxury Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.
Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.
High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
