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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. However,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections,Hardcover Book Printing Color). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD(2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket).
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Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,House Water Clener with 360 Degree Rotating Head Cover Desktop Water Purifier Suitable for Every Family and Office Table Water Purifier).
Alternatively,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line–Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling). Aldenet al. (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits) describe the temperature-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Initially,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.
Near-infrared (NIR)Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn). Morriset al. (Bias Tire Otr Crusher Glove Crushing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ce Approved of Professional) and Räsänenet al. (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. In addition,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter(Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tablet Glass Bottle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric-Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCarbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurebixenon kitthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchangershowing the collected fines from this trial.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGlass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry). FigureDrop Forged One Way Load Buckleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLed Costumes Controllershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration(Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,High Precision Human Body Scale. FigureNew Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone). Figure501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.
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DISCUSSION
Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China-infrared spectrometry (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet). In addition,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging(Auto-Spray-Lack-Stand für Verkauf,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, regardless of the sensor position.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (HRC50 Precision Cutting Tools 4 Flutes Spiral Tungsten Solid Carbide Ball Nose End Mill).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.
2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.
New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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