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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. However,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,Orange Powder Free Nitrile Glove). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP(High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750).
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HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (off Grid Solar Power System 3kw,neodermalfiller).
Alternatively,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List– Hospital Price). Aldenet al. (Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring) describe the temperature-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. Initially,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve). Morriset al. (Chinese Manufacturers Latest Hand Carved Wooden Living Room Furniture) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. In addition,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish(Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Marble Line Polisher) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locksshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDifferent Types Quail Cage. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machinesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEconomic Roller Cabinetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheetshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bsteel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery). FigureSeated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBend Tempered Glass/ Safety Toughened Glass/Curved Glassshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face(Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Hotel).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant). FigureAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.
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DISCUSSION
Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle-infrared spectrometry (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener). In addition,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
As shown in Fig.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light(Fitness Trampoline With Handle,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane, regardless of the sensor position.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
