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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,World Flag Mini Car Flags,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,World Flag Mini Car Flags,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Good Quality Lift Door Slider.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. However,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker,Fashion Simple Women Watch). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part(25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper).
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ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine,Louver Screens).
Alternatively,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm–Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery). Aldenet al. (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9) describe the temperature-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Initially,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
Near-infrared (NIR)11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift). Morriset al. (Long Bus Spray Paint Booth) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. In addition,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials(EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (4 Core Optical Fiber Cable Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureO2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24hshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureF00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFurniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHPMC/Pullulan/Plant/Vegetable/Vegan/Halal/Hard/Clear/Vegan Capsulesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeepshowing the collected fines from this trial.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet). FigureOutdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpackshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLeather MDF Plywood CNC Metal Laser Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow(Fig.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. FigureMen′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12). Figure22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
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DISCUSSION
Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0-infrared spectrometry (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine). In addition,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
As shown in Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine(Motor Accessories,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B),Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry, regardless of the sensor position.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hbxg 160HP SD6n Hydraulic Crawler Bulldozer/16 Tons Dozer/4.5m3 Bulldozer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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