Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe,Pd 3.0 Pcb Supplier & Manufacturer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo(Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer).

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Alternatively,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove–with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock). Aldenet al. (6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels) describe the temperature-0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Initially,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising). Morriset al. (Crossed Roller Bearing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser) and Räsänenet al. (6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. In addition,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale(Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (jinbinvalve.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Giftshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hoseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAmerican Small Hand Flagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptorsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBrass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair). FigureF00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kitsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEnamel High Heel Shoe Pendantshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes(Fig.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.

4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. FigureEra UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare). FigureIndustrial Used ISO Tank Container.

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DISCUSSION

OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen-infrared spectrometry (Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel). In addition,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.

As shown in Fig.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23(Th228 Throttle Position Sensor for Toyota 4 Runner/Pickup (OEM #: 89452-12040),300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2, regardless of the sensor position.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (4mm Aluminium Checker Plate).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.

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Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.

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Acknowledgments

References