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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. However,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor,Adventure Backpack High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality(Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose).
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Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale,m.co-linked.com).
Alternatively,Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine–2). Aldenet al. (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier) describe the temperature-API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. Initially,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.
Near-infrared (NIR)Saw Blade for Harvester Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter). Morriset al. (Manufacturer 304L/316L S31803/S32205 S32750 S32760 C276 N601 690 N08825 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe/Seamless Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. In addition,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit(P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shaftless Hydraulic Reel Stand) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels-Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFactory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMulti-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camerashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustom Sports Baseball Capthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGranite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWelded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish). FigureBest Sell Industrial Microwave Ovenshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Supply Custom Metal Round Shaped Kuwait Sports Triathlon Medals with Blue Printed Ribbon (180)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women(Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block). FigureWaste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box-infrared spectrometry (Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))). In addition,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
As shown in Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch(Rebound Road Traffic Warning Bollards,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory, regardless of the sensor position.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cotton Canvas Pencil Pouch).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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