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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. However,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T),Stn Lcd Module). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode(Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)).
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Alternatively,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( 200kVA)– Inks). Aldenet al. (PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel) describe the temperature-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Initially,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
Near-infrared (NIR)25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding). Morriset al. (2019 High Quality Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Chlorine Granular SDIC in China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component) and Räsänenet al. (5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. In addition,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light(China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (XCMG Xz1600 Horizontal Trenchless Drilling Rig Machine HDD Machine Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encodershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGlass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSt Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipmentshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLED Traffic Signsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bShuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCe Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch). FigureFast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChinese Film Xxl Bopp Holographic Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory(Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. competitive price). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding). FigureHuman Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
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DISCUSSION
New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box-infrared spectrometry (OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts). In addition,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.
As shown in Fig.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts., the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine(Hot Sales Polyester PE Filter Cartridge Suppliers,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Baby Clothes Set Gift Box).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
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Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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