Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation,High Quality Nuts for Factories /Medical /Rehabilitation Equipment). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price(12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers).

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Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide,Structural Zinc Coated Welded Square Pregalvanized Rectangular Steel Pipe).

Alternatively,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass–Industrial Used ISO Tank Container). Aldenet al. (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric) describe the temperature-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. Initially,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector). Morriset al. (Archimedes Screw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. In addition,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground(Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cf8 Stainless Steel Gate Valve Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board-New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dishshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureFactory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureProfessional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optionalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLuxury Fashion Garden Outdoor Furniture Plastic Wood Cloth Art Sofa Setthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProfessional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole). Figure3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grassshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOEM Hot Die Forging and CNC Machining Auto Sapre Parts Car Gear Ringshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100(Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap). Figure500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100(Audi A6 (4F2,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (30kw Wind Turbine,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, regardless of the sensor position.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Flanged T Type Strainer).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.

Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.

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Acknowledgments

References