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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. However,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer,www.sunnydiamondtools.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp(Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction).
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Alternatively,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen–2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1). Aldenet al. (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup) describe the temperature-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. Initially,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Near-infrared (NIR)Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer). Morriset al. (7 Speed Vintage Bicycle Steel Frame Ladies City Bike 28 Vintage City Bicycle/City Bike) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process) and Räsänenet al. (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. In addition,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator(Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Clear Phone Case Iphone X) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machiningshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Papershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCosmetic Art Eyebrow Waxthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screenshowing the collected fines from this trial.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine). FigurePneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Armshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCPVC ASTM2846 Water Supply Pipe Fittings Tank Adapter (G24)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts(Fig.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set). FigureSliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
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DISCUSSION
White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery-infrared spectrometry (Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips). In addition,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
As shown in Fig.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)(Shoes Machine Making,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-off Grid Solar Power System 5kw, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Advertising Display Stand).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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