Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty,Small Usb Touch Screen Pc Monitor Supplier & Factory). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine(12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians).

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Alternatively,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat–Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine). Aldenet al. (Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer) describe the temperature-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Initially,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.

Near-infrared (NIR)Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China). Morriset al. (Private Label Hemp Oil) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber) and Räsänenet al. (Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. In addition,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs(Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Heat Pump Inverter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction-P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureManufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Padshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.color coated aluminum foil for decoration, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureEVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureThree Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machiningshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFoam Laser Cutting Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supplyshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSilicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads). FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relayshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSTEEL PROFILEshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China(Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

Liquor

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box). FigurePower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).

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DISCUSSION

China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)-infrared spectrometry (Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality). In addition,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.

As shown in Fig.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd(Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with High Power Efficency,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Brass Gear).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.

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Acknowledgments

References