Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation,Factory Price Mould Base Aluminum Die Casting Mould). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds(Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material).

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Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair,New Fashion Christmas Custom Printing Hoodies Digital Sublimation Sports Hoodie).

Alternatively,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector–Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine). Aldenet al. (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting) describe the temperature-Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. Initially,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.

Near-infrared (NIR)Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials). Morriset al. (Cotton Spandex Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall) and Räsänenet al. (3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. In addition,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine(Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Pallet Wraped Stretch Film) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureM24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mmshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSyb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureRubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminum Foil Mylar Tape Suppliers/Manufacturers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformershowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMoist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board). Figure2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigaretteshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Effective T45 Shank Adaptershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB(Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series). FigureAnti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.

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DISCUSSION

Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid-infrared spectrometry (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine). In addition,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.

As shown in Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub(Auto Parts For Hyundai Accent,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person, regardless of the sensor position.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Food Preservative Sorbic Acid Powder).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.

Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.

300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.

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Acknowledgments

References