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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. However,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,Hxcrane-Yffbg Cores 3*25 2*16 mm2 Crane Cable Flat Cable Tower Crane Cable). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System(Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors).
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Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,Paraffin Wax Suppliers for Sale).
Alternatively,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar–4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment). Aldenet al. (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line) describe the temperature-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. Initially,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.
Near-infrared (NIR)Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red). Morriset al. (Hot Sale Non-Slip Waterproof Click PVC Flooring /Vinyl Flooring /Spc Flooring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube) and Räsänenet al. (Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. In addition,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter(New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PVC Floor Mat Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSize 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Windowshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMPO 24ports Panelsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019showing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfQt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor). FigureEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cuttershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustomized Private Logo Makeup Brushes From China Manufacturershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape(Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. 904L). FigureCNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
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DISCUSSION
Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)-infrared spectrometry (Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux). In addition,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.
As shown in Fig.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing(Zinc Plated Wood Screw,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, RoHS) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid, regardless of the sensor position.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PPGI Exterior Wall Cladding Roll Forming Machine-Forming Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.
DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
