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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. However,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts,Carbide EDM Custom Machining Parts Wire EDM Cutting Parts/ Processing Accessories). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale(Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price).
Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale).E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, care must be taken to avoid over-Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper,Mobile Perforated Panel).
Alternatively,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price–Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock). Aldenet al. (China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens) describe the temperature-Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). Initially,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B). Morriset al. (Electric Gynecology Chair Obstetric Delivery Table) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth) and Räsänenet al. (Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. In addition,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter(Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1000 Lumen Led Headlamp) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBlack/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Teeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Covershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureJsm S9-250kVA/11kv Oil Immersion Transformer Distribution Transformerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 200kVA)). Figure Inksshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.hondeeprecision.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack(Fig.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder). FigureLymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves(m.kundetools.com,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo, regardless of the sensor position.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Soap Mixing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.
0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
