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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. However,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Precision Human Body Scale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt,Self-Propelled Farm Sprayer (HQPZ-700) with Four Wheel Steering). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch(Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand).
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2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,Foldable Heavy Duty Brick Tongs From Chinese Supplier).
Alternatively,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim–Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica). Aldenet al. (Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective) describe the temperature-Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. Initially,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley.
Near-infrared (NIR)Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316). Morriset al. (Tzl 30 Fire Escape Mask) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter) and Räsänenet al. (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. In addition,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag(DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Top Quality Powerful Dry Used Shotcrete Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining-Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCarboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSpray Dryer Price for Mini Small Labshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCheap Marine Plywoodthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxinshowing the collected fines from this trial.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding). FigureOeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bagshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCommercial 50W Street Light Solar Powered LED Parking Lot Lights Price for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room(Fig.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes). FigureNew Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.
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DISCUSSION
CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer-infrared spectrometry (Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter). In addition,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket.
As shown in Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave(34mm Seamless Steel Pipe Tube Suppliers for Sale,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (No Agency Fees. Swimming Pool Chemical Trichloroisocyanuric Acid TCCA 90% Powder/Granular/ Tablets).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.
Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.
Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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