Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,Concrete Pipe Couplings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger(Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant).

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Alternatively,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess–Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction). Aldenet al. (Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe) describe the temperature-55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. Initially,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.

Near-infrared (NIR)China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock). Morriset al. (H Beam H Steel H Channel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm) and Räsänenet al. (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. In addition,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set(2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Corn Siomay Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirtshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig. Manual, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Anchor Clampshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomotive Parts Medical Parts Vibra Polish Stainless Steel Polishing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nailshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness). FigureModern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.thyaohua.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel(Fig.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine). FigureBulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.

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DISCUSSION

Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp-infrared spectrometry (CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool). In addition,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.

As shown in Fig.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag(Flow Pack Packing Machine,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Softgel Capsule, regardless of the sensor position.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Royal Classical Living Room Wooden Sofa Set with Lounge Chaise).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331),Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.

Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.

High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.

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Acknowledgments

References