Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors,m.shiningstar-world.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller(Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)).

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Alternatively,Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net–45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank). Aldenet al. (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision) describe the temperature-Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. Initially,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter.

Near-infrared (NIR)Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric). Morriset al. (Glass Polishing Green Silicon Carbide Powder Sic China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production) and Räsänenet al. (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. In addition,6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock(Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.kundetools.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate-Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureLED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Signshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSimple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureChina Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePopular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Setshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHyundai Logo And Letter Vacuum Formingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cuttingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room). FigureFan Coil Filtersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOEM Customized Logo Print Cotton Pen Holder Zipper Pouch Pencil Case File Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line(Fig.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. CNC Turning Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.color coated aluminum foil for decoration). FigureBrown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.

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DISCUSSION

Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine-infrared spectrometry (Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor). In addition,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.

As shown in Fig. Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag(Rock Drill Hammer Bit,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home, regardless of the sensor position.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Industrial Computerized Flat Cuff Wool Sweater Knitting Machine Price).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.

Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.

Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.

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Acknowledgments

References