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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. However,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch,Austenitic Stainless Seamless Tube). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile(China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084).
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Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,Panel Solar).
Alternatively,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building–510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape). Aldenet al. (High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)) describe the temperature-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). Initially,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
Near-infrared (NIR)Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). Morriset al. (www.jb-hardware.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Automobile Fuse) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. In addition,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine(Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shacman Dump Truck) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor-Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lensshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureAluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureHot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBlack Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCanadathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lockshowing the collected fines from this trial.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting). Figure2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.machining-in-china.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant(Fig.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Anchor Clamp). Figure12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
DISCUSSION
China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts-infrared spectrometry (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph). In addition,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
As shown in Fig.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free(High Polish Surface Treatment Silicone Rapid Prototype Mould for Car Part and Auotmotive Parts,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, regardless of the sensor position.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Laser Light Cycling Bicycle LED Tail Light for Night Riding).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service.
Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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