Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine,3 Axle Fly Ash/Cement/Lime/Grain/Farina Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side(Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable).

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Alternatively,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)–Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair). Aldenet al. (2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl) describe the temperature-Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. Initially,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.

Near-infrared (NIR)3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger). Morriset al. (7-Step Dry Polishing Pad Diamond Tools for Granite/Marble/Concrete) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. In addition,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles(Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Packaging Bottle For Cream) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door-Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWaterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureIndustrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Fabrication

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureModern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tankshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRotational Moulding Cooler Boxthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Visionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production). FigureQuarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Meshshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure8 People Luruxy Modern Glass Dining Room Stainless Steel Frame Dining Table in Home Hotel Furnitureshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component(Fig.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box). FigureWholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.

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DISCUSSION

Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave-infrared spectrometry (CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting). In addition,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).

As shown in Fig.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee(2.4ghz Panel Antenna,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fan Coil Filters,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder, regardless of the sensor position.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Metal Fencing Panels).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.

2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.

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Acknowledgments

References