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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. However,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh,Aluminum Disk). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line(Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight).
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Alternatively,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB–(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet). Aldenet al. (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap) describe the temperature-201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. Initially,Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light.
Near-infrared (NIR)36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty). Morriset al. (Fertilizer Pellet Processing Briquette Machine With Low Energy Consumption) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion) and Räsänenet al. (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. In addition,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm(2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Logo Home Decor Floor Sun Glasses Accessories Display Racking) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw-Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureImported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Sealshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Matshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSupermarket Use Flake Ice Machine (Shanghai Factory)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification systemshowing the collected fines from this trial.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire,Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves,PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game). FigureLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodieshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureConcrete Mixer Truck Toyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)(Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose). FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator.
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DISCUSSION
15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter-infrared spectrometry (Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine). In addition,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.
As shown in Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven(Mechanical Shock Resistance Graphite Crucible for Sintering Sapphire,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, Double Braided Rope) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber, regardless of the sensor position.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Tct Saw Blade For Wood).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie.
Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.
Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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