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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. However,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Wholesale Chain Link Fence). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine(Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter).
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2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder,Mating Stall For Sow).
Alternatively,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem–Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine). Aldenet al. (The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line) describe the temperature-Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Initially,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013). Morriset al. (Plastic Handle Clamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port) and Räsänenet al. (2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. In addition,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine(Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Design Photo Plain Sublimation Blank Baby Bib Blank Ce Certification) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)-Silica Defoamer.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureElastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Widthshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureO2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureYaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFood Additive Food Grade Ammonium Chloridethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24showing the collected fines from this trial.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSmall Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair). FigureKl Feed Pellet Millshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure6 Ounce Stainless Steel Thermos Flask Drinking Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm(Fig.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter). FigureCe/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts-infrared spectrometry (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion). In addition,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
As shown in Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc(Womens Embroidery Tank Tops,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminum Alloy Pump).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.
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Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
