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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. However,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4,Squeegee Sharpener). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag(6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine).
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Alternatively,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um–125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble). Aldenet al. (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric) describe the temperature-Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. Initially,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing). Morriset al. (The Wind Condenser) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. In addition,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Child Book Printing Service) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1325 CNC Router Machine Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Acid Red 18 for Textileshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProfessional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureL68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Craneshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUSB to Micro USB Cables High Speed USB 2.0 Sync and Charging Cables Free OEM Wire Connectorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBlack Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List). Figure Hospital Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureClear Acrylic Double Side Picture Frameshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best(Fig.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.
Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. FigureEnergy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks). FigureFactory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.
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DISCUSSION
Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack-infrared spectrometry (Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays). In addition,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
As shown in Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty(Electric Automotive Custom Copper Flexible Busbar Laminted Shunt,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101), regardless of the sensor position.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminium Stamped Parts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.
Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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