Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag,Rubber Teeth). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate(300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator).

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MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits,Domestic Hot Water Heat Pump Unit).

Alternatively,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag–DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). Aldenet al. (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine) describe the temperature-Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Initially,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board). Morriset al. (Medical Ice Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror) and Räsänenet al. (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). In addition,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply(Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Butterfly Valve Dn600 Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureStainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Gridshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureConsumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBAshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure350ml reed diffuser glass bottle with glass cap stopperthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar,Different Types Quail Cage,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)). FigureAluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulleyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel Hose Bibcockshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma(Fig.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.

China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Figure125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould). FigureBuy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.

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DISCUSSION

OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire-infrared spectrometry (Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings). In addition,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.

As shown in Fig.Lubricating Oil, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units(Npg-51 Npg51/Gpr-35/C-Exv33 Black Laser Toner Cartridge for Canon IR2520/2525/2530 Copier,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine, regardless of the sensor position.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Natural Organic Garlic Powder).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Casual Design Safety Shoes).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.

Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.

Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.

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Acknowledgments

References