Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1,Automatic Vegetable Washer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes(Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs).

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Alternatively,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish–Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven). Aldenet al. (Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed) describe the temperature-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Initially,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger). Morriset al. (Siemens SMT Machine Nozzle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry) and Räsänenet al. (Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. In addition,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards(Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Shower Caddy) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller-Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBlock Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Blockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure80ton Single Crank Sheet Metal Hole Punch Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socksshowing the collected fines from this trial.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bComfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch). FigureSilicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Pressshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMini 350W 36V Folding E Bike 14-Inch Foldable Electric Bikeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation(Fig.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Medical Ce. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter). Figure4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.

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DISCUSSION

Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit-infrared spectrometry (Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw). In addition,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.

As shown in Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat(Carbon Steel Cutting Laser Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList, 300SL). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House, regardless of the sensor position.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pearl Clutch Bags).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.

Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.

Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.

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Acknowledgments

References