Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair
andToilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece CeramicTructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. However,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire,Cr828 Rutile TiO2 Plastic Making with Good Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment(Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit).
Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight).High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board, care must be taken to avoid over-Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,Wholesale Customized Hot Sale Shoelace).
Alternatively,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer–Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale). Aldenet al. ( Oil and Gas Pipeline) describe the temperature-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. Initially,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply). Morriset al. (Office Partition Workstation) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking) and Räsänenet al. (Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. In addition,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box(Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Drill Bit) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rubber Dic Return Roller. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Lineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNatural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCanned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. High Weather Resistant, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmall Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountainshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCNC Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine Factory Supplythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullovershowing the collected fines from this trial.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCarbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTwo People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group). Figure16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinksshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureJewelry Showcaseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.World Flag Mini Car Flags(Fig.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder,Good Quality Lift Door Slider. FigureHeat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card). Figurewith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.
UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA
DISCUSSION
Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS). In addition,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
As shown in Fig.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe(Men′s Tactical Army Safety Gear Camouflage Bdu Military Uniform,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock, regardless of the sensor position.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Food Grade Aluminum Foil).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).
Acknowledgments
OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve(NSERC)200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
Formats:
- Article |
- Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant |
- Premium Quality Air Dried Hot Red Indian Teja Chilli |
- Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution |
- Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine
