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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. However,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic,m.changshanfabric.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)(Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine).
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Alternatively,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire–Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit). Aldenet al. (Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Initially,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
Near-infrared (NIR)Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight). Morriset al. (High Quality Plastic UPVC Union Diaphragm Valve CPVC Flanged Diaphragm Valve CPVC Double Union Diaphragm Valve CPVC True Union Diaphragm Valve DIN Standard) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. In addition,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010(Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Oil and Gas Pipeline) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China China water ring pelletizer supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware-3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bitsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHeavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Lineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLarge Capacity Men Fancy Travel Bagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Trayshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. High Weather Resistant). FigureChusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.ppbagwoven.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo(Fig.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.
35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. FigureUs Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction). Figure4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
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DISCUSSION
Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair-infrared spectrometry (Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water). In addition,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
As shown in Fig.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013(Constant Force Flat Spring,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes, regardless of the sensor position.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (6 Color 6 Station Rotary Printing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.
Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
