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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. However,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate,3240 Epoxy Sheet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing(Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery).
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off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction,350w 17r Spinning Moving Head Beam).
Alternatively,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner–Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)). Aldenet al. (Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine) describe the temperature-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. Initially,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
Near-infrared (NIR)12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)). Morriset al. (Acrylic Clutch Evening Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. In addition,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve(2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (One Hole Straps for IMC/Rigid Conduit IMC Conduit Clip) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Mediashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBig Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure ALUMINUM GAS VALVEshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure8 Resistance Magnetic Folding X Exercise Bikethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowersshowing the collected fines from this trial.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)). FigureKitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePsa Medical Industrial Oxygen Gas Generatorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant(Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing). FigureSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply(Industrial Electric Heating Element Flange Tubular Immersion Water Heater,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine, regardless of the sensor position.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Long Lifetime Carbide Pellet and Carbide Nibs).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.
Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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