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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Metal Parts Stamping.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. However,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design,Saber Range Side Console Cabin and Hard Top Aluminum Sea Fishing Boat). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock(Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard).
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Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water,Colorful Nylon Elastic Vlecro Straps with Plastic Buckle).
Alternatively,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table–China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe). Aldenet al. (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle) describe the temperature-Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. Initially,125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty.
Near-infrared (NIR)3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine). Morriset al. (Transparent Toothpaste) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special) and Räsänenet al. (50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm. In addition,Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin(Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Clay With Zipper Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer-Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocksshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRotary Barrel Finishing Machinesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.szfanshitong.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotelshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber,Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base). FigureTBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stackershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMulti Lanes Liquid Paste Side Sealing Packing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail(Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate). FigureFull Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases(18mm Veneer Plywood Board High Quality Supplier,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light, regardless of the sensor position.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automated Fue Extraction Devices: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Medical Equipment Adult Pediatric Use Fiber Optic Laryngoscope Operating Laryngoscope).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net,Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.
High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun.
Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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