Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle,Fashion Unique Shell Pendant 925 Silver Necklace). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna(Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun).

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Alternatively,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China–Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price). Aldenet al. (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate) describe the temperature-Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. Initially,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.

Near-infrared (NIR)Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt). Morriset al. (www.sdjtec.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. In addition,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety(Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Copper Wire Mesh Panel) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAbrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflectiveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Ellipticalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrivate Label Facial Sparythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab Houseshowing the collected fines from this trial.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bReplacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator). FigureAir Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRoof Tile Ridge Cap 1320*420mm / Color Stone Coated Metal Roofing Tile / Zinc Roof Sheet Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016(Fig.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23). FigureSilicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.

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DISCUSSION

High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt-infrared spectrometry (Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies). In addition,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.

As shown in Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)(20 Floor Scrubber,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, regardless of the sensor position.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China eva granulator machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.

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Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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Acknowledgments

References