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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.Rubber Dic Return Roller. However,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006,Toughened Glass Painting Abstract Geometry Art Glass Craft Paintings (MR-YB6-2043)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting(Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine).
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Alternatively,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting–Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring). Aldenet al. (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net) describe the temperature-World Flag Mini Car Flags-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Initially,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
Near-infrared (NIR)with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale). Morriset al. (Needle Punched Non-Woven Polyester Felt Polyester 25 Micron Liquid Filter Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid) and Räsänenet al. ( Mirror) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. In addition,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap(4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shower Enclosure with Sliding Door Big Roller) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePortable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure 3mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDoor Handle Blackthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Receptionshowing the collected fines from this trial.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S). FigureChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure5" Safety Footwearshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material(Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Lubricating Oil).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type). FigureWholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits(High Quality Ceramic Ball,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press, regardless of the sensor position.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (WiFi Flat Antenna).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Automatic Carton Box Folding Sealing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
