Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5),Outdoor Sports Lighting Led). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet(Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical).

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Alternatively,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor–Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)). Aldenet al. (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile) describe the temperature-HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). Initially,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.

Near-infrared (NIR)HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder). Morriset al. (N35h Magnet Supplier & Factory) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab) and Räsänenet al. (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. In addition,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine(Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Plane Label Sticking Machine for Card Hang Tag Paper Box Plastif Film Flat Surface Labeling Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFactory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduitshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureBlack and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Construction Machinery Topless Tower Cranethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4showing the collected fines from this trial.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair). FigureTray Type Activated Carbon Air Filtershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHans GS High Speed Laser Cutting Machines for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw(Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)). FigureCustomized Embroidery High Quality Badge.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove(Pe Material Shrink Stretch Wrap,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block, regardless of the sensor position.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (3kw Fm Transmitter).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.

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Acknowledgments

References