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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002),Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002),Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. However,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Round Cosmetic Powder Puff,Latest Design Entry Aluminum Frame Glass Pivot Door). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant(Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100).
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Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,10 X 60t T. C. T Panel Sizing Saw Blade for Industrial).
Alternatively,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts–Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price). Aldenet al. (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold) describe the temperature-Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. Initially,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
Near-infrared (NIR)SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale). Morriset al. (Semaglutide Peptide Api Gmp Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper) and Räsänenet al. (China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. In addition,PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick(Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (300mm Solar Led Traffic Lighting) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit-6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encodershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBlack/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Teeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureActivated Carbon Filter For Swimming Poolthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)). FigureComputer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1 - Undercounter Chillershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality(Fig.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. 200kVA). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Inks. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED). FigureFactory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.
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DISCUSSION
Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress-infrared spectrometry (Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine). In addition,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.
As shown in Fig. Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc(50Hz 6000A Rated Input Split Core Current Transformer CT,Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane, regardless of the sensor position.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Locking Metal Safety Pin for Badge Base Jewelry Brooch).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.
Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.
Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
