Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,20w Led Corn Bulb). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902(Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)).

for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile).Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring, care must be taken to avoid over-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002), leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.

ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,Custom High Quality Silver-Plated Car Emblem/Metal Emblem/Soft Enamel Emblem/Fashion Souvenir Emblemno MOQ/The Best Price/Own Factory Emblem).

Alternatively,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale–Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating). Aldenet al. (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)) describe the temperature-Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. Initially,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.

Near-infrared (NIR)Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window). Morriset al. (30g Acrylic Jar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation) and Räsänenet al. (Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. In addition,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating(600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New Design Hot Sale High Lumen with Acrylic Panel Lighting Goods and Price 24V LED Tube Light) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureKetchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGarden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wickershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1220mm Foamed Board Production Line Supplier Best-Sellingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mmshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCe Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders). FigureM24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mmshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.hjsd-steelstructure.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine(Fig.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.

Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Figure00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette). FigureRsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.

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DISCUSSION

Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material-infrared spectrometry (Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles). In addition,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.

As shown in Fig.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality(13Mini Starting a Kamado Grill Egg Smoker Grill,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator, regardless of the sensor position.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Mining Equipment Gold Ore Small Incline Conveyor Belt).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.

Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.

High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.

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Acknowledgments

References