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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. However,Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine,Teak Faced Plywood). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair(Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure).
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Alternatively,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China–High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber). Aldenet al. (Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure) describe the temperature-China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. Initially,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stamping Parts). Morriset al. (New Modern IP65 High Bright Aluminum Waterproof LED Outdoor 5V 6W Solar Lawn Lamps LED) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free) and Räsänenet al. (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. In addition,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal(9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Medicine Grade CAS 69-72-7 Salicylic Acid From Factory) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA)-Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLuxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. 19kw, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Buildingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure40 Pin 1920*720 Resolution LCD 12.3 Inch TFT LCD Display/Screen for Car Drivethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vapeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRound Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfReusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). FigureFluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.bestcontactor.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm(Fig.Automobile Fuse).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess). FigureElectronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.
DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve(Brake Bulb S25,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, regardless of the sensor position.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Toyota Inclined Cylinder Seal Kit 6f 1-3t 04655-20031-71).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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