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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. However,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy,Illuminated Signs). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)(Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch).
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Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Neck Pouch Travel Wallet Passport Holder with RFID Blocking Waterproof Travel Security Bag for Your Money Credit Cards Cell Phones).
Alternatively,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid–Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric). Aldenet al. (Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers) describe the temperature-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Initially,Rubber Dic Return Roller. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)). Morriset al. (Combined MPPT Solar Charge Controller 1kw-12kw Pure Sine Wave Hybrid Solar Power Inverter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter) and Räsänenet al. (Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. In addition,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting(Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.mybarberchairs.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China-Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.World Flag Mini Car Flags, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWarehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken Houseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Good Quality Lift Door Slider, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figurewith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2bmf Series Seedershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Custom ABS Plastic Moldingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCreative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMetal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow). FigureKitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Trayshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Pet Glass Bottle Liquid Pure Drinking Mineral Water Bottling Machine / Carbonated Flavored Juice Drinks Filling Making Packing Plantshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring(Fig.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction). FigureChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
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DISCUSSION
Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure-infrared spectrometry (Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)). In addition,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
As shown in Fig.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer(China Ne Type Industrial Plate Chain Bucket Elevator,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material, regardless of the sensor position.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Chicken Wire Fencing).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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