Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,New Type Cheap Plastic and Glassfiber 60*160cm X Banner Stands X Trade Show Display). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit(Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine).

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Alternatively,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)–Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price). Aldenet al. (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass) describe the temperature-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Initially,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.

Near-infrared (NIR)Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home). Morriset al. (5t Daily Output Snowie Shaved Ice Ice Machine in China Flake Ice Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)) and Räsänenet al. (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. In addition,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL(Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cistanche Tubulosa Extract Benefits) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureYaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureTop Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureControl Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Boxshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFood Grade Wide Neck Silicone Baby Bottle for Newborn 120mlthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCCshowing the collected fines from this trial.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic). Figure7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mmshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGirls Unicorn Tassel Shirtsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design(Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head). FigureWaterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.

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DISCUSSION

Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator). In addition,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.

As shown in Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)(Indoor Soft Play Equipment,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, regardless of the sensor position.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:

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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.

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Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.

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Acknowledgments

References