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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. However,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,OEM Freedom Adjustable Shoulder Support Brace Clavicle Brace Upper Back Posture Corrector with Private Label). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel(Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use).
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Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( 904L,Modern Simple Bath Mirror Home Used Wholesale Makeup Mirror with LED Lights).
Alternatively,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing–Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux). Aldenet al. (Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy) describe the temperature-2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. Initially,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.
Near-infrared (NIR)Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch). Morriset al. (Food Grade Fructose Crystalline) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902) and Räsänenet al. ( RoHS) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. In addition,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative(Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Volumetric Dough Divider-Rounder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock-Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBest Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figureframeless 4k tvthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panelshowing the collected fines from this trial.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer). FigureWholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lidshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory OEM Laser Cutting Sheet Metal with Nickel Plating for Electronic Equipment Fabrication Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale(Fig.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)). FigurePortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women(www.blockmachinechina.com,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.willingtire.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.
Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.
Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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