Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet,Hot Sale Customer Logo Durable Nylon School Laptop Backpack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)(35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator).

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Alternatively,Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder–Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab). Aldenet al. (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin) describe the temperature-PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. Initially,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller). Morriset al. (Truck Brake Shoe 4706 for Auto Part) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding) and Räsänenet al. (Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. In addition,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar(Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Egg Collecting Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator-UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHeat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Materialshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureLyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAnti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chairshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureShanghai Ice Pop Tube Filling Sealing Machine on Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filtershowing the collected fines from this trial.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSimple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch). FigureFood Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powdershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLed Display Cableshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price(Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home). FigureAir Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine(Wafer Lug Type Butterfly Valve Pn16/Pn40,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground, regardless of the sensor position.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (165069SK-Men Cotton Low Cut Boat Socks).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.

OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.

Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.

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Acknowledgments

References