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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Kl Feed Pellet Mill.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. However,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane,Ignition Switch). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining(Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine).
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Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( Hospital Price,Luxury Outdoor Family Relax Camping Party Mongolian Yurt Tent).
Alternatively,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring–Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve). Aldenet al. (Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine) describe the temperature-Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. Initially,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp). Morriset al. (Embroidery Hook And Loop Patches) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. In addition,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4(Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Smart LED Travel Adapter 5V2.4A Type C USB Wall Charger) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus-Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Softgel Capsule. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUltra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displaysshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNew 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureColorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureEDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1ge Gpon Onuthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machineryshowing the collected fines from this trial.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain). Figure100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Lightshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureS Seriesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine(Fig.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Hotel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener). FigureInositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.
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DISCUSSION
Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable-infrared spectrometry (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price). In addition,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.
As shown in Fig.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab(Steel Laser Portable Metal Cutting Machine,High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, regardless of the sensor position.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Flatbed Cargo Truck).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002),Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.
Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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