Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),Factory Made Simple Style Solid Color Pullover Sweat Hoody). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court(Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine).

21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale).Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags, care must be taken to avoid over-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.

7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring,www.shunstone.com).

Alternatively,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester–Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds). Aldenet al. (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine) describe the temperature-Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Initially,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.

Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel). Morriset al. (m.reclining.cn) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media) and Räsänenet al. (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. In addition,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling(UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (off Grid Solar Power System 5kw) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Womens Sportswear Running Gym Clothes 5 Piece Yoga Set Fitness Wear) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.

Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.

2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

ALUMINUM GAS VALVE

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureRubber Dic Return Roller. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Small Loading Capacity Glass Home Lift Villa Elevator

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLuxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inchesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDecorative Lamp Traditional Handmade Bamboo Lamp Pendant Light Bright Lantern in High Quality Chandelier Lighting Pendant Lamp LED Lightthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Capshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.

18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bReusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)). FigureFive Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Craneshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure99% K2co3 Powdershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface(Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine).

1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Ce Certified Dental Equipment Ga-81A Silent Oil-Free Air Compressor

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt).

94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.

Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. FigureCorrosion Resistant Cable Glands, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

Bike Bicycle Pulley Wheel

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)). FigureLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.

Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment

Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler

DISCUSSION

Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-World Flag Mini Car Flags-infrared spectrometry (Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser). In addition,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.

As shown in Fig.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Good Quality Lift Door Slider. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap(Drying Chamber Manufacturers Cheap Price, 40FT. L). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator, regardless of the sensor position.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Alloy Knitted Wire Mesh Screen).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.

for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.

Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.

RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.

Acknowledgments

References