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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. However,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security,Welcome All The Orders Sturdy Knitting Needle Crochet Hook). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives(Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor).
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Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Absolute Black Suppliers for Sale).
Alternatively,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale–High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine). Aldenet al. (2) describe the temperature-Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. Initially,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Near-infrared (NIR)Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier). Morriset al. (Oil Filter for Cat Fleetguard Filter )1r0716 Lf691A)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter) and Räsänenet al. (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. In addition,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale(Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Discount Price for Anti-Knock Solar Power Eco-Friendly Prefab Steel Structure Modular House) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China-Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureVape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiberglass Rodsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camerashowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72),Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves). FigureOEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finishshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTriplex Service Drop Oyster XLPE Aerial Bundled Cable (LV Cable)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS(Fig.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC). FigureSafe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.
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DISCUSSION
Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve-infrared spectrometry (Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative). In addition,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
As shown in Fig.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24(Blue Led Indicator Light,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice, regardless of the sensor position.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pcv Clip).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.
Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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