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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. However,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant,Best Price DC Eletric Small Stepper Motor for Textile Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform(Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution).
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Alternatively,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting–24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve). Aldenet al. (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room) describe the temperature-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. Initially,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.
Near-infrared (NIR)Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fan Coil Filters). Morriset al. (Electric Mirror Switch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price) and Räsänenet al. (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. In addition,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine(New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Tactile Indicator Rubber Tactile Paving Tile for Blind People) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. CNC Turning Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surfaceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRain Gun Irrigation Equipmentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Toolsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCommercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof). FigureSelf Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scbashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurea Type Battery Small Chick Cage & Poultry Cage with Manure Clean Machine in Kenya for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe(Fig.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. FigureFactory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage). FigureS11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.
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DISCUSSION
Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)-infrared spectrometry (EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)). In addition,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.
As shown in Fig.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit(Conveyor Belt Vulcanizing Equipment,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100, regardless of the sensor position.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Barley Powder).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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