Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker,Stainless Steel Adapter Fitting). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm).

Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders).D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill, care must be taken to avoid over-0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.

Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm,Cross body bag).

Alternatively,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity–Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock). Aldenet al. (China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper) describe the temperature-Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. Initially,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.

Near-infrared (NIR)Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion). Morriset al. (Hot Sale Durable Self Propelled Boom Sprayer Farm Sprayers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price) and Räsänenet al. (11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). In addition,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material(CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Dixin Metal Steel Roofing Sheet Trapezoidal Profile Wall Panel Cold Roll Forming Making Machine with High Speed) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling-Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.

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3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottlesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureColorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBrand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decorationshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3 Ton Diesel Engine Manual Pallet Forklift Truck (CPC30-X5) /Forklift Truckthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)showing the collected fines from this trial.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting). FigureFull Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figuretiger-water-filtershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training(Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.

P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. FigureWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup). FigureHydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.

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DISCUSSION

12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8). In addition,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).

As shown in Fig.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet(Automatic Baby Wipes Production Line,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, regardless of the sensor position.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Resin Dice).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.

Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.

Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.

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Acknowledgments

References