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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. However,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24,Galvanized Roofing Sheet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE(High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains).
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Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,Outdoor Flood Light Housing).
Alternatively,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC–Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price). Aldenet al. (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic) describe the temperature-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Initially,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm). Morriset al. (Carbon Steel Fiber Laser Factory OEM/ODM Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003) and Räsänenet al. (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. In addition,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality(Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bearing Parts High Strength Stainless Steel Ball for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material-Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureMini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureRainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adaptershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOutdoor Security Fencethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chillershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber). FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbowshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWorthwill Brand Aluminum/Aluminium Disc/Round Plateshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed(Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. FigureSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit). FigureHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.
DISCUSSION
Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%-infrared spectrometry (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers). In addition,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.
As shown in Fig.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete(China Foundation Free Concrete Mixing Plant,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal, regardless of the sensor position.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Shower Proof Jacket).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.
A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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