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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). However,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign,Manicure & Pedicure Set EP-499). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp(Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush).
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Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling,Speedometer and Gear Magnetic Induction Counter for Qj125-26).
Alternatively,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits–Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn). Aldenet al. (Ce Approved of Professional) describe the temperature-Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. Initially,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
Near-infrared (NIR)Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making). Morriset al. (Promotional Gift Basketball Medal Make Your Own Stainless Steel Medals) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce) and Räsänenet al. (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. In addition,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty(Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Intelligent Security Alarm) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive-Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureP4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureShark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePure Metal Wire with Nickel/Titanium/Vanadium/Gold/Silverthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases). FigureCustom Screwshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHot Dipped Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire Razor Barbed Wire Mesh Fenceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap(Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet). FigureFashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater(Round Tin With Clear Lid,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), regardless of the sensor position.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.color coated aluminum foil for decoration: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sec E9).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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